Last month we discussed the differences between Perfect Pitch and Relative Pitch. Today, we are going to look at concrete things players
can do to develop a sense of Relative Pitch, without which we would be lost in situations where we are playing by ear.
Once
we let go of the idea that Perfect Pitch can be learned, we can get down to the hard work of developing Relative Pitch and produce
same tangible results that transfer to the bandstand. As I argued in my last column (supported by scholars and scientific studies),
perfect pitch cannot be learned as an adult. Guitarist Jack Grassel asserts that "I nor anyone I know has ever seen any evidence....that
the [perfect pitch] development courses for sale in magazines produce any results. Don't waste your time and money trying to develop
it. Don't buy a perfect pitch development course. Work on Relative Pitch instead."[1] We may be making some progress as we are now
starting to see many on-line companies selling programs that intend to develop Relative Pitch rather than Perfect Pitch!
The
goal of developing Relative Pitch is to advance ear-to-hand skills. This means that ideas first heard in one's head (or heard on the
bandstand) are then able to be re-produced on one's musical instrument. A player might think to himself, "I hear an idea, and
knowing where that idea sounds on the fretboard, I can then play it, or use it as a basis for further improvisation". Many guitarists
suffer from the malady of playing something on the guitar and THEN hearing it! Wrong order! The level of sophistication of ear-to-hand
skills is on a continuum, and these skills can be further advanced over one's career. An example of the use of Relative Pitch (ear-to-hand
skills) would be two guitarists trading licks back and forth. The second guitarist is able to repeat note-for-note what the
first guitarist played, after one hearing. (This function of Relative Pitch assumes that the player knows a priori what key he/she
is in). Functional use of Relative Pitch means you can execute such ear-to-hand tasks once you already know the reference pitch (or
key); hence "relative" or RELATIONSHIPS between pitches.
This brings us to the primary area of study for developing Relative Pitch: intervals. (There are many free on-line programs that teach the intervals [2]). For fully internalizing intervallic relationships, the intervals must be sung as well as located (in their many positions) on the guitar. In fact, for serious advancement of this skill set, everything you are going to perform on the guitar, the songs you are learning, and the solos that you work out should be sung as well as located on the fretboard. Playing by ear and learning solos or songs by ear from recordings note-for-note (not TAB!) are tasks that help advance relative pitch since they deal on many levels with intervallic ear training. SINGING everything you practice is central to the development of Relative Pitch and internalizes the process in a deeper way. The ultimate goal is to be able to reproduce on the guitar anything that you hear, once you are given the initial reference pitch or key.
Once the intervals are learned and
internalized, more complex ear-training studies can be undertaken. Singing the notated solos of the masters and using the guitar as
a reference point to check yourself helps deepen both a stylistic concept and one's ability to hear intervals.
Memorization of
one's repertoire is vital for developing Relative Pitch. Afterall, this is how the masters learned to play in the first place, through
both copying and memorizing the material they wanted to perform. Developing one's ear (which is the same as saying intervallic ear
training) is central to developing one's own unique style as well; it is a more internal approach, rather than being an intellectual
one. I have found that the things I am singing and truly hearing have more depth of feeling attached to them than if I am simply playing
complex mechanical scale patterns. As a result, this connects my playing to things that are more expressive and uniquely me. Many
programs focus on learning scales as key to developing improvisation skills; this approach is in error. Scales and knowledge of the
fretboard are, of course, important to knowing the instrument, but they serve no musical purpose unless practiced within the context of
intervallic ear training.
Studying and singing intervals, copying by ear the material I want to integrate, memorizing songs/repertoire, singing the works
of others (e.g., Charlie Parker solos).....this is what big ears are made of.
[1] http://www.jackgrassel.com/pages/perfect_pitch.html
[2] Here's a good basic interval ear training web site for beginners:
http://www.musictheory.net/trainers/html/id90_en.html